At present, domestic education is at the stage of serious modernization. Laws, decrees, decrees, programs that were adopted in the Russian Federation, became an impetus for innovation. Higher education degrees have also undergone changes.
If earlier only state institutions were engaged in training, then at present there is a “private sector”. About 10 million students study at 400 non-governmental higher education institutions.
System device
What are the steps of higher professional education? Let us dwell on this issue in more detail. The purpose of vocational training is to organize the training of qualified personnel in various industries and economics. Higher education should contribute to the development of the young generation of moral, intellectual, cultural qualities.
In our country, the system of professional higher education functioned as a separate structure until 2013. After the adoption of the Federal Law "On Education", the stages of higher professional education were highlighted, included assistant-internship, residency, which were previously considered to be components of postgraduate programs.
Destination
What are the steps of higher professional education? Their characteristic is inextricably linked with their functional parameters:
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training of highly qualified specialists for science and technology;
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the development of art and science;
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education of socially active citizens;
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self-development and self-improvement.
Program Features
The degrees of higher education are characterized by certain features:
1. At the first stage, the student receives the basics (1-2 years) of a professional course, including natural science and humanitarian disciplines. By the end of the first stage, the student should form a base of ZUN, sufficient for him to further deepen into a specific field of knowledge.
2. At the second stage of higher professional education, the terms of which are 4 years, the student studies the sciences necessary for him to obtain a specialist degree or a bachelor. In addition to general humanitarian disciplines, fundamental education today includes fundamental knowledge in the natural science cycle, as well as vocational training.
3. At the third stage of higher professional education, the terms and forms of which are also spelled out in the Federal Law “On Education”, the discipline necessary for the preparation of a specialist / master with in-depth and wide ZUN is added to the program.
In addition to fundamental subjects, students receive a serious general professional base, humanitarian education, and also study specialized disciplines that are focused on initial scientific, pedagogical or research activities.
Graduation takes place at this stage of higher professional education. The terms and forms of its receipt are determined by the specifics of the program according to which the higher educational institution works. Basically, the training lasts six years, the graduate receives the title of master.
What is important to know
What is the difference between the levels of higher professional education? The timing and forms of their receipt are far from all the differences that are important to be aware of. For example, a specialty involves not only obtaining theoretical knowledge in general professional, natural, scientific disciplines, but also confirming acquired skills in practice.
Samples of diplomas issued by higher education institutions to their graduates are developed and approved by the RF State Committee for Higher Education.
After receiving such a document, a young specialist has the right to find a job according to the profile indicated in the diploma.
Modern realities
Over the past ten years, the levels of higher professional education have been significantly changed. The general characteristics of such innovations are indicated in the Federal Law “On Education”. The reason for the changes was the signing in 2013 by our country of the Bologna Declaration in 2003.
We give a more detailed description of each level of higher education in the Russian Federation.
Undergraduate Features
This is the first stage of national higher education. The right to obtain this degree are graduates of secondary schools, vocational schools, lyceums, colleges. The duration of undergraduate studies is four years. Throughout the entire learning process, students acquire basic scientific knowledge.
To obtain a bachelor’s diploma, they must defend a diploma project (pass state exams). The resulting document can be both academic and applied. Its owner has the right to continue his studies in a magistracy or to begin his career in the specialty.
Specialty and Master
This is the second stage of professional higher education in Russia. If, prior to the reform of higher education, all university graduates became holders of specialist diplomas, now the situation is somewhat different. Education in the specialty is 5-6 years. The program differs from the undergraduate program in that the student receives not only theoretical (general) knowledge, but also pays close attention to practical orientation in a specific direction of activity.
After completion of training, graduates pass exams, write and defend their thesis, receiving (in case of successful passing) a diploma in which the qualifications “Economist”, “Journalist”, “Lawyer” are indicated.
Possessing a specialist diploma, you can enroll in a magistracy or begin direct work. What are the main differences between magistracy and specialty? Here, the duration of training is 1-2 years. The programs that undergraduates study include the deepening of knowledge acquired at the previous stage of training. After defending a master's thesis, having received an appropriate diploma, young specialists have the right to go to the third level or to find a job in their specialty.
Third level
The next stage of professional higher education includes: residency, post-graduate studies, internships, postgraduate studies. The purpose of this stage is the training of highly qualified personnel.
The programs for which third-level training is carried out depend on the industry. In particular, in graduate school, the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is carried out. Students who have master's or specialist diplomas can enter here. They expand the knowledge that was acquired earlier, put them into practice, and conduct pedagogical or research activities.
The duration of full-time studies is three years, and with the correspondence option - four. After completing the course, future graduate students defend their dissertations, receive (with successful defense) the first degree - Ph.D. Newly made scientific personnel have the right to improve their skills.
Adjuncture is carried out in educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, and residency is conducted in pharmaceutical and medical educational institutions.
Future pharmacists and doctors gain in-depth knowledge on a narrow specialization, put them into practice. To obtain a diploma, qualification, as well as the right to work in medical institutions, they need to successfully pass a special three-stage exam.
To summarize
Currently, the Russian Federation uses a multi-stage system of professional higher education.
It fully complies with the Bologna system, allows Russian students to receive a quality education, to be in demand by specialists in the labor market, and to improve their professional level throughout their entire career.
